4 полезных вещи в Python

# You can index lists from the front
a = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

print(a[0]) # 'a'
print(a[1]) # 'b'

# You can also index them from the back
# starting with -1 and going backwards
print(a[-1]) # 'e'
print(a[-2]) # 'd'

# The tilde operator when applied to a number `x` calculates `-x - 1`, 
# which can be useful for list indexing 
#
# x  ~x  
# 0  -1
# 1  -2
# 2  -3
# 3  -4 
# 4  -5 

print(a[~0]) # 'e' = 0th element from the back
print(a[~1]) # 'd' = 1st from the back

# Consider this function
def foo(data):
    """Prints the status of my list."""
    if data:              # Don't do this
        print("The list contains some items.")
    else:
        print("We got an empty list.")

foo([]) # ok -> "We got an empty list."
foo([1,2,3,4]) # ok -> "The list contains some items."

# Empty lists are treated as false in Python.
# However, False and 0 are also false, which can lead to some 
# unexpected behavior if your client, does not know that you 
# expect him to pass a list.

foo([0])   # still ok -> "The list contains some items."
foo(0)     # NOT ok -> "We got an empty list."
foo(False) # NOT ok -> "We got an empty list."

def foo(data):
    if len(data) > 0:     # Safer version
        print("The list contains some items.")
    else:
        print("We got an empty list.")

# Don't do this
def foo(bar=[]): 
    bar.append(1)
    return bar

foo() # returns [1] --> ok
foo() # returns [1,1] --> not ok = the same list as before
foo() # returns [1,1,1] --> also not ok = again, the same list

# Do this instead
def foo(bar=None):
    if bar is None:
        bar=[]
    ...

def draw_line(length, type="solid", color="black"):
    print(length, type, color)

draw_line(5)                                # 1) 5 solid black
draw_line(length=5)                         # 2) 5 solid black
draw_line(5, "dashed")                      # 3) 5 dashed black
draw_line(5, "dashed", "green")             # 4) 5 dashed green
draw_line(5, type="dashed", color="green")  # 5) 5 dashed green

# Can we take this a step further? Definitely.
draw_line(type="dashed", length=5)          # 6) 5 dashed black

args = [5] # could also be a tuple (5,)
draw_line(*args)                            # 7) 5 solid black

args = {"length": 5, "color": green} 
draw_line(**args)                           # 8) 5 solid green

# Pre-fill functions with the arguments you use often

def draw_line(length, type="solid", color="black"):
    print(length, type, color)

from functools import partial

draw_green_line = partial(draw_line, color="green")
draw_green_line(5)                          # 5 solid green

draw_unit_line = partial(draw_line, length=1)
draw_unit_line()                            # 1 solid black

# If you want to use keyword arguments but you do not want
# to provide default values, you can do that as well

def draw_line(*, length, type, color): # all three are required
    ...

# Allow some positional arguments, but forbid 3) and 4)
def draw_line(length, *, type="solid", color="black"): # only length is required
    ...